Table 1 Animal items found, description and availability (44types)
(
1990-June 1996)

Name of animal item Species Description of the item
MF
MK
CM
DS
Mammals (19)
Bear gall bladder Selenarctos thibetanus or Ursus arctos dried bladder
+
-
×
+
Bear gall powder Selenarctos thibetanus or Ursus arctos dried gall from farmed bears
+
-
×
+
Deer antler Cervus elaphus or C. nippon ossified antler
+
+
+
+
Deer genitals Cervus elaphus or C. nippon dried genitals
-
-
×
+
Deer sinew Cervus elaphus or C. nippon dried sinew
×
-
×
+
Deer tail Cervus elaphus or C. nippon dried tail
+
+
×
+
Elephant skins Elephas maximus dried skin pieces
+
+
×
+
feces of bats Vespertilio superans dried feces
+
-
×
-
feces of flying squirrels Trogopterus xanthipes dried feces
+
-
-
-
Hedgehog skins Erinaceus europaeus dried whole skin
-
+
-
+
Leopard bone Panthera pardus bone
+
-
×
+
Monkey calculus Macaca mulatta calculus
+
-
×
+
Musk Moschus berezovskii, M. sifanicus or M. moschiferus dried secretion from male musk gland
+
-
+
+
Pangolin scales Manis pentadactyla scale
+
+
+
+
Pilose antler Cervus elaphus or C. nippon unossified horn
+
+
+
+
Rhino horn Rhinoceros unicornis horn
+
-
×
-
Saiga horn Saiga tatarica horn
+
+
×
+
Seal's genitals Callorhinus ursinus or Phoca vitulina genitals
-
-
×
+
Tiger bone Panthera tigris bone
+
-
×
-
Reptiles (8)
Fresh-water turtle shell Trionyx sinensis dried carapace
+
+
+
-
Gecko Gekko gecko dried body
+
+
+
+
Hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata carapace
-
+
×
+
House lizard Gekko subpalmatus dried body
×
+
×
-
Many-banded krait Bungarus multicinctus multicinctus dried body
+
+
+
+
Rat snake Zaocys dhumnades dried whole body
+
+
+
+
Tortoise carapace & plastron Chinemys reevesii carapace or plastrons
+
+
+
+
Viper Agkistrodon acutus dried skinless body
+
+
+
+

Amphibians (2)

Forest frog’s oviduct Rana temporaria chensinensis dried fallopian tube
-
+
×
+
Toad venom Bufo bufo gargarizans, or Bufo melanostictus dried secretion of auricular and skin glands
+
+
+
-
Fishes (3)
Cuttlefish's bone Sepiella maindroni or Sepia esculenta bone
×
+
×
+
Sea dragon Syngnathus acus, Syngnathoides biaculeatus or Solegnathus hardwicki dried whole body
×
+
×
+
Sea horse

Hippocampus kelloggi, H. histrix,H. kuda, H. trimaculatus, or H. japonicus

dried whole body
+
+
+
+
Invertebrates (12)
Abalone shell

Haliotis diversicolor, H. discus hannai, H. ruber, H. ovina,H. asinina or H. laevigata

shell
+
+
+
-
Aspongopus chinensis Aspongopus chinensis dried whole body
+
+
×
-
Centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans dried whole body
+
+
+
+
Cicada slough Cryptotympana pustulata moult
×
+
×
-
Earthworm

Pheretima aspergillum,P. ulgaris,P. guillelmi, or P. pectinifera

dried whole body
+
+
+
+
Grab may beetle Holotrichia diomphalia dried lava
+
-
×
-
Ground beetle Eupolyphaga sinensis, or Steleophaga plancyi dried whole body
+
+
×
+
Horse fly Tabanus bivittatus dried body of females
+
-
×
-
Leech Whitmania pigra, W. cranulata or Hirude nipponica dried whole body
+
+
×
-
Oyster shell Ostrea gigas, O. alienwhanensis, or O. rivularis shell
+
+
×
-
Red coral Corallium japonicum pieces
-
+
×
-
Scorpion Buthus martensii dried whole body
+
+
+
+
Total
33
30
15
29
Notes:
1. "MK"=market,"MF"=TCM manufacturer,"CM"=TCM company and "DS"=drugstore;
2. "+"=found,"-"=not found,"×"=not dealt with by the appropriate methods used in this study.