Citation Detail: WANG Zongyi. 1996. Report on Investigation of the Status of ex situ Wildlife Conservation in Zoos in China. in: Conserving China's Biodiversity (John MacKinnon, WANG Sung and etc.eds.). China Environmental Science Press. Beijing. 69-78p.

Report on Investigation of the Status of ex situ
Wildlife Conservation in Zoos in China　

WANG Zongyi, YANG Rongsheng

(Beijing Science and Technology Institute)

★The objectives, tasks and directions of zoos]  
★[The Situation and Problems of Wildlife Conservation in Zoos]
★[The Ex Situ Conservation Programmes and Scientific Research in China’s Zoos]
★[The Wildlife Conservation Education in Zoos in China]★[Conclusion]

Ex situ conservation is one of the most important methods of wildlife conservation and such rare and endangered species as wild horse, Pere David’s deer, Golden monkey and others still survive today only due to this method. Organizations, such as zoos, parks, scientific institutions, wildlife breeding centres, wild animal farms and so on, collect and breed various wild animals with specific aim of ex situ conservation. In the first part of this survey we discuss ex situ conservation in zoos including animal exhibitions in parks.

The history of China’s zoos can be traced far back to antiquity and the tradition of collecting and holding wild animals by royal and noble families continued well into the 19th century. The best example is the last population of Pere David’s deer which was preserved in the Imperial Hunting Park at Nan Haizi, south of Beijing and survived there till the end of the Qing Dynasty.

The history of the present days zoos in China dates back to the beginning of this century, when large animal collections were established in parks in various cities and one such example is the former Beijing zoo at San Beizi Park. Since the establishment of New China in 1949, zoos have further developed and their numbers have increased. Today, there are more than 170 zoos (including 20 large, modern zoos) and parks exhibiting variety of animals.

In recent years, due to the fast development of market economy, zoos and wildlife parks have been facing increasingly with numerous problems, therefore the Biodiversity Working Group of CCICED organized this survey. The survey was divided into several stages and in the first stage we concentrated mainly on the situation of wildlife conservation in the zoos and the methods with which achieved this were as follows:
- direct investigation
- questionnaires
- data collection　

Direct Investigation

We visited zoos in Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Shenzhen and so on and interviewed personnel directly responsible for wildlife conservation.

Questionnaires

Forty-one questionnaires were sent to zoos in large cities and 25 were recovered, this representing 61% rate of recovery. Fifty questionnaires were sent to zoos and animal parks exhibiting various animal and only 7 were recovered, representing only 11% rate of recovery. The results of this survey have basically met our demands since we received broad outlines on the situation of wildlife in zoos and wild animal parks and with this report we hope to identify the main problems and difficulties these institutions face, thus trying to help the decision makers.　

1. The objectives, tasks and directions of zoos

There are approximately 600 species with some 100,000 individuals of wildlife kept in the China’s zoos. Among these are many rare and endangered species hence the zoos that hold these captive populations play a crucial role in species propagation and preservation.

Most zoos in China belong to the Ministry of Construction and as such are regarded as traditional culture and welfare organizations since they provide the general public with mass recreational facilities, a place to relax and more importantly nowadays serve in education of wildlife.

Generally speaking, the zoos have accumulated vast amount of knowledge in wildlife management, animal husbandry, reproduction, veterinary medicine and so on and have built up their own “army” of experts. But generally, the zoos and collections in China are still is very low development, where animals are exhibited traditional way in cages and the educational techniques are rather simple while the research work is confined to various aspects of breeding, feeding disease control and prevention with majority of zoo personnel being veterinarians. According to the new world trend, the interlinking between zoos and nature necessitates the development of new objectives and tasks for zoos. Nature conservation is already long established and is the central theme of all zoos, however we feel that the time has come to redefine and to clarify the zoos commitment to conservation. A problem of how the zoos in China can keep the pace with international advanced zoos has to be urgently addressed. In recent years there has been a “rush” to establish wildlife holding areas for the benefit of tourists supported by various organization, government and private companies such as local authorities responsible for recreation, forestry, commerce, hydropower; be it a “small zoo, animal paradise, wildlife park” and so on, where individual investors are known to invest in such organizations as Shenzhen Wildlife Park, Shanghai and Hainan Wildlife Parks and the Bear Paradise in Beijing. These so called zoos often have problems and encounter great difficulties in management and up-keep standards of animals. Although they all superficially hide under the conservation and education umbrella, their primary objective is commercial. As a result of the above the traditional zoos have undergone some “redevelopment”, building recreation facilities unrelated to the function of zoo. For example, the Xiyuzi Palace, the Beijing Zoo, tames animals for circus and further rents their land and houses for profit. Therefore, the function of conservation, education and scientific research are not only weakened but neglected in favour of profit.
　
2. The Situation and Problems of Wildlife Conservation in Zoos

The inter-relationship of wildlife conservation and zoos have made significant contributions in preservation of rare and endangered species. First in ex situ conservation of endangered species, zoos have held many captive populations of wild animals including such rare and endangered species as giant panda, snub-nosed monkey, black muntjack, red goral, South China tiger, Siberian tiger, takin, crested ibis, cranes and so on. The main goal of zoos is to expand existing wild population and to carry out potential reintroduction projects thus saving rare and endangered wildlife from extinction. Besides this the existence of captive population can and will reduce the pressure of exploitation acting on wild populations.

The survey found out that only 10% of captive populations in zoos are self-sustaining and viable. This rate becomes even lower in endangered species. According to the date of specific endangered species reproductive programmes in China’s zoos the total number of species involved is no more than 30. Therefore the rate of ovarian is very high, for example the Siberian tiger, takin, red crowned crane, red panda each has 7 or 8 programmes in different zoos. To regulate the population structure, maintain the genetic variability, avoid degeneration and domestication are of vital importance for captive population management. Many zoos reported that due to a deep conflicts and barriers amongst different authorities, the coordinated cooperative breeding plan is an impossible task to achieve. For example the population of snub-nosed monkeys in the Wuhan zoo was slowed down by the uneven sex ratio (many males and few females), while Chengdu and Shanghai zoos blame space limitation as a major reason for difficulties enriching the target size, as wealth the maintaining of healthy structure. From the population biology point of view the most zoo population are very poor. The founder groups are always very small and the ratio of population groups are very low. The exchange between sub-populations and these together with risks of un-natural selection leads to a loss in genetic variability. Therefore these zoo animals are unfit to survive in nature or cannot contribute to any viable re-establishment of populations in natural habitat and in many cases even cannot survive in captivity over a long period of time.

Living conditions in Chinese zoos are poorer and lower than in international zoos. The result showed that animals suffer from lack of space, dilapidated cages and various other housing conditions. For example the Hefei zoo is very good in animal husbandry and has great experience in reproductive biology of small cervids. Their reproduction programme of is to be successful despite the size of the zoo, which is less than 3 ha. Space limitation, though grave, is not the only problem facing the zoos in China. Some “zoos”, such as the Bear Paradise at Badaling, near Beijing exhibits their animals in small and narrow cages to facilitate viewing for general public, disregarding the well being of this valuable and rare species. The impression is so bad that the public commented that the “paradise” is fact an animal “concentration camp” or “a place of misery”. Animals are being “domesticated” and tamed in zoos and the function of small and even some large zoos has changed for an entertainment venue similar to circus, where animals suffer from whipping, high noise pollution and so on.　

The low management level in China’s zoos ex situ populations can be summed up as follows:　

1. There are no unified ex situ conservation strategies and authoritative coordinating organizations. On the contrary, conflicts between various conservation bodies almost invariably obstructs cooperation.　
2. Most of the zoo administrators have no or low level of scientific education. They do not understand how to avoid loss of genetic variability and un-natural selection, therefore the ex situ population they are managing are under constant risk degeneration and domestication.　
3. Scientific and technical personnel is under exposed to economic pressure and administrative interference and their work is very difficult. The pressure of making financial profit comes not only from higher authorities but also from administrators and investors. The scientific personnel is often forced to tame animals for circus, preventing them to carry out minor aspects of wildlife conservation.　
   
   3. The Ex Situ Conservation Programmes and Scientific Research in Chain’s Zoos

In recent years the Ministry of Construction enhanced the ex situ conservation through establishment of the Zoo Association of China. The giant panda, snob-nosed monkey, Francis monkey, South China tiger, takin, Chinese alligator and others were chosen as ex situ priority conservation species. Breeding centres were established in various zoos, such as the giant panda breeding centre in Chengdu zoo, snub-nosed monkey breeding centre in Wuhan zoo, while the Beijing zoo is carrying out the crested ibis breeding programme under the support of the Ministry of Forestry. Many other zoos have plans to establish priority ex situ conservation programmes (table 2.).　

As mentioned prior, from the population biology aspect, majority of captive zoo populations do not meet the ex situ conservation purpose. It is clear that zoos can only offer contribution to wildlife conservation through maintenance of healthy and viable ex situ populations. To achieve this a large amount of scientific knowledge is required to meet demands in all aspects of small population management, however the scientific research work is very rarely available in China’s zoos. Only zoo which has an independent research department and full-time research staff is the Beijing zoo. Scientific projects and research are concentrated on animal husbandry, nutrition, captive breeding, artificial reproduction and veterinary medicine and these can only be performed in addition to normal daily duties of the zoo staff. In many cases much knowledge has been accumulated, however there are only few publications and exchange of knowledge and interchange of experience is still very difficult. The use of computers, data collection, analysis and exchange are in primary stages. Zoos very rarely cooperate with universities and other scientific institutions, the exception being the giant panda project, thus minimizing the good use of scientific researchers. The result of questionnaire has showed that majority of zoos lack scientific personnel, research grants and research personnel is also lacking. Only small sums are allocated for research in zoos and zoos pay this from own resources (Table 3).　

The problems facing the research work in zoos can be summarized as follows:　

1. The cooperation and coordination between zoos and conservation circles should be enhanced. Zoos must make up a priority list of species for which ex situ conservation are needed urgently and replace existing list based and historical and sentimental values. Zoos must establish a collective plan, maximizing the space available and concentrate on fewer projects but of great conservation value.　
2. Zoos should improve their management skills of populations to avoid or greatly minimize the loss of genetic variability, un-natural selection and to increase the potential of ex situ populations for reintroduction purposes.　
3. Zoos should further research those species which play an important role in ex situ conservation in improving situation in longevity and reproduction.　
4. Zoos should speed up artificial insemination techniques and use it as an effective tool in endangered species conservation.　
5. Zoos should actively participate in reintroduction programmes of extinct in wild species and endangered species to their original habitat, as well as restocking projects. They should recognize the close interdependence of ex situ and in situ conservation and make their unique contribution to saving critically endangered species which are unable to reproduce in the wild, such as the South China tiger.
6. Zoos should improve condition of their research and research projects, raise funds through different channels and higher authorities and various conservation agencies should allocate more financial resources and manpower.　
7. Professional research staff in zoos should be increased considerably and their position should be highlighted. The administrators should respect science and scientists and should not interfere in the research work.　
8. The results obtained from research work should be collected, systematized and published and furthermore the cooperation of research work and exchange of information should be re-enforced.
   
   4. The Wildlife Conservation Education in Zoos in China　

Traditionally, Chinese zoos and wildlife parks are public welfare, recreation and cultural organizations. However, as such they not only serve as places of family relaxation but more importantly can and should serve as conservation education channels. The zoos are “living textbooks” as they leave children and adults with lasting visual impressions of wildlife which under normal circumstances majority of people cannot see. Monkeys, elephants, tigers and son on are viewed from close quitters thus helping them to understand that they share this planet with large variety of living creatures. Education is main objective of zoos.　

Majority of zoos still exhibit wild animals in small cages, their educational techniques are relatively simple with identification of animals with legible signs, sometimes maps of distribution range and habitat. Brochures, zoo maps and other wildlife publications are also available. Some zoos run such activities as “love the birds week” hoping to attract many visitors.　

Statistics shows that there are more than hundred million visitors per year in Chinese zoos. This gives a tremendous opportunity to educate the general public in wildlife conservation. Due to the social pressure of economic gains the education side of the zoos is weakened, a good example is the Beijing zoo which had one of the best and strongest education departments. Today, the facilities have fallen into disrepair, the legible signs often confuse one species with another, exhibit designs and composition of animal groups are neglected and sadly it is common to see different subspecies mixed together in one enclosure.　

The funds available to zoos are limited and it is very rare that zoos receive support from higher authorities and related agencies. According to the questionnaire the zoos pay for their own education costs (Table 4).　

In the “new” zoos administrators put unduly heavy stress on recreation and commerce. Education is obscured under various unrelated attractions and furthermore they go in completely opposite way as to bring negative effects on wildlife, building unrelated (for commercial purposes) recreation facilities. These often are often subject of strong criticism from home and abroad.　

The education in zoos are facing a critical point, either the zoo leaders are going to choose the conservation education and issue various guidelines or the whole subject will be thrown into confusion.　

1. Government should encourage zoos to maintain the tradition of education in zoos thus heighten the public awareness of wildlife conservation.　
2. Increase zoo education funding which could be achieved by retaining certain % of profits, applying this to conservation education and also making the exhibits more attractive. By doing this more people will visit the zoos hence more money will be received from entrance fees. The government and various nature organizations should establish a zoo education fund.　
3. Exhibition of live animals is the primary purpose of any zoo, therefore the exhibit design is the most important factor. A good exhibition is not just display of animals accompanied by artistic and legible sign, it is a harmonious arrangement of enclosures with their surroundings. They must diminish adverse effects created through negligence, such as dilapidated enclosures, neglect in care for animals (over grown hooves and so on).　
4. There is an intrinsical relationship between the zoo and the wild animal, therefore wildlife conservation must be the central theme of zoo education. The conservation organization must build up a close relationship with zoos and take an advantage of the possibility of conservation education through zoos.　
5. Zoos should focus on educational institutions, such as primary and secondary schools and universities to develop regular and systematic education programs. This way they will establish a closer contact between the zoo and any given institution and enhance professional and formal education techniques and programmes. This will be more effective generally and the society’s gain will gain more support from the government.　
6. Zoo should increase both quality and quantity of printed material and they should recognize the importance this material plays, be it a brochure, leaflet or a journal. The variety, quality of content are of foremost importance.
   　
   Conclusion　

1. It should be affirmed that zoos are important organizations in China. They involve wildlife ex situ conservation, maintain some 600 species with more than 100,000 individuals including rare and endangered ones. They made and are continuing to make a great contribution in captive breeding research and conservation education. More potential should be exploited.
2. The role of ex situ conservation in Chinese zoos was satisfactory, given the poor basic conditions and facilities (funds and space) and the shortage of qualified, highly trained personnel hence the levels of various populations management is low. Thus, the ex situ population cannot always meet the ultimate goal of ex situ conservation programmes which is to support the survival of population of rare and endangered species in their natural habitat. Zoos should heighten the role of ex situ conservation through participation in reintroduction and translocation of wild animals and to provide the surplus animals to other institutions thus reducing the pressure on wild populations. This way zoos and wild animal parks preserve rare and endangered species for posterity, serving as “banks” and “holding pens”.
3. The development of Chinese zoos are faced with great challenge. The establishment of “new zoos” and change of traditional zoos is creating uneasy feelings not only amongst the scientists but also amongst the general zoo going public. It is hoped that Chinese zoos will develop steadily in the right direction and will reach the standard now seen in majority of well know international zoos.
4. For more effective use of the limited capacity of zoos, they should priorities their lists of species in their collections. The list should be based on the plans suggested by higher administrative authorities and adhere to the guidelines issued by the same.
5. To enhance the research work and the education in zoos the higher authorities should establish policy, law and regulations related to conservation, as well as establish specific financial support, manpower, management and institutions.

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Table 1. The Major Zoos in China　

Zoos	size(ha)	number of species	number of animals
Beijing Zoo	90	600	5000
Shanghai Zoo	74	320	3800
Dalian Zoo	72	110	1080
Shenyang Zoo	62	96	385
Chongqing Zoo	58	138	578
Tianjin Zoo	54	168	1234
Guangzhou Zoo	44	417	4080
Nanning Zoo	39	180	1100
Ha’erbin Zoo	37.5	210	1300
Xi’an Zoo	27	188	1970
Kunming Zoo	23	151	1000
Hangzhou Zoo	20	190	2040
Chengdu Zoo	17	300	2800
Qiqiha’er Zoo	11	58	215
Nanchang Zoo	8	117	525
Nanjing Xuanwuhu Zoo	7	150	1200
Xuzhou Pengyuan Zoo	7	73	570
Lanzhou Zoo	7	120	1000
Xining Zoo	4	90	400
Hengyang Zoo	4	60	280

Table 2.　The priority breeding programme of Zoos in China

		population				exported animals
Zoos	priority species	size	structure
			♀	♂	young
	Panthera tigris altaica	6	5	1	0	30
Dalian Zoo	Ailurus fulgens	8	6	2	0	0
	Grus japonensis	11	3	3	5	3
	Budorcas taxicolor	6	2	2	2	3
Shenyang Zoo	Grus japonensis	73	9	9	55	77
	Pseudois nayaur	17	6	3	8	4
	Ailuropoda melanoleuca	6	4	1	1	0
Chongqing Zoo	Panthera tigris amoyensis	4	3	1	0	0
	Budorcas taxicolor	8				4
	Equus hemionus	4	1	1	2	1
Tianjin Zoo	Ailurus fulgens	11	3	4	4	0
	Grus japonensis	26	12	14	0	0
	Pseudois nayaur	6	2	2	2	0
Guangzhou	Panthera tigris amoyensis	4	2	2	0	0
Zoo	Grus monacha	5	3	2	0	0
	Presbytis leucocephalus	11	5	2	4	2
Nanning Zoo	Presbytis francoisi	62	25	12	25	20
	Hylobates hoolock	14	4	2	8	10
Ha’erbing Zoo	Panthera tigris altaica	11	3	3	5	0
	Ciconia ciconia	13	6	5	2	0
Xi’an Zoo	Rhinopithecus roxellana	10	3	4	3	14
	Budorcas taxicolor	8	3	1	4	1
Kunming Zoo	Rhinopithecus bieti	5	3	2	0	2
	Hylobates hoolock	9	4	4	1	9
	Capricornis sumatraensis	6	2	2	2	1
Hangzhou Zoo	Viverra zibetha	26	8	15	3	0
	Ailurus fulgens	7	5	2	0	0
	Grus japonensis	11	3	3	5	10
Qiqiha’er Zoo	Grus monacha	5	1	1	3
	Cuon alpinus	8	2	2	4	50
Nanchang Zoo	Ailuropoda melanoleuca	2	1	1	0	0
Xuzhou	Panthera tigris altaica	11	1	1	9
Pengyuan Zoo	Panthera pardus	4	0	0	4	0
Nanjing	Panthera tigris altaica	5	2	2	1	0
Xuanwuhu Zoo	Ailurus fulgens	9	2	3	4	0
	Hydropotes inermis	8	1	1	6	0
	Cygnus cygnus	40				40
Urumoqi Zoo	Anser indicus	40				40
	Equus hemionus	11				11
	Budorcas taxicolor	14-6	4	5	5	6 (included in the total)
Lanzhou Zoo	Rhinopithecus roxellana	16-2	5	8	3	2 (same asabove)
	Chrysolophus pictus	145-45	25	50	70	45 (same asabove)
	Grus nigricollis	11	4	3	4	8
Xining Zoo	Equus kiang	7	3	2	2	10
	Budorcas taxicolor	4	2	1	1	4
Suzhou Zoo	Panthera tigris amoyensis	9	4	4	1	9
	Panthera tigris altaica	4	3	1
Guiyang Zoo	Presbytis francoisi	16	6	3	7	2
	Panthera pardus	5	3	1	1	5
Hefei Zoo	Muntiacus crinifrons	16	5	7	4
	Ciconia ciconia	20	4	4	12
Guilin Zoo	Rhinopithecus roxellana	3	1	1	1
	Tragopan caboti	40	20	10	10
Wu han Zoo	Rhinopithecus roxellana	11	3	6	2
	Presbytis francoisi	11	5	3	3	1
Wuzhou Zoo	Presbytis francoisi	67	23	10	34
Wenzhou Zoo	Panthera tigris altaica	2	1	1
Anqing Zoo	Neofelis nebulosa	3	1	2
Xiamen Zoo	Grus japonensis	2	1	1
Yinchuan Zoo	Crossoptilon auritum	80	20	20	40

　 Table 3.　Scientific researches in China’s Zoos

Zoos	Researcher (part time)	Funds (10,000)	Projects
Dalian Zoo	6		1. Studies on artificial incubation of Grus japonensis
Shenyang Zoo	39	5	1. Studies on artificial breeding of rare cranes 2. Studies on cryopreservation technique of sperm of cranes 3. Reintroducation of Grus japonensis to their natural habitat
Chongqing Zoo	17	10	1. Studies on breeding and parental care of Ailuropoda melanoleuca 2. Studies on feeding and breeding of Ailuropoda melanoleuca 3. Survey of breeding stock of Ailurus fulgens
Tianjin Zoo	4	1.4	1. Studies on artificial breeding of Grus japonensis 2. Studies on artificial insemination of rare animals
Guangzhou Zoo	32	5	1. Studies on artificial breeding of Pan troglodytes 2. Studies on artificial insemination of Grus nigricollis 3. Studies on artificial breeding of Grus monacha
Guangxi Zoo	26	1	1. Studies on captive breeding of Presbytis leucocephalus 2. Studies on captive breeding of Presbytis francoisi 3. Studies on captive breeding of Hylobates hoolock
Ha’erbin Zoo	11	3	1. Studies on improving reproduction and survival rate of Ciconia ciconia 2. Studies on breeding of Anthropoides virgo
Xi’an Zoo	25	2	1. Studies on biology of Rhinopithecus roxellana 2. Studies on reproductive ecology of Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi
Kunming Zoo	24		1. Feeding and breeding of Rhinopithecus roxellana bieti
Hangzhou Zoo	14	0.2	1. Studies on captive breeding of Muntiacus crinifrons 2. Studies on feeding and breeding of Ailurus fulgens 3. Studies on Viverricula indica raising and musk artificial extraction
Qiqiha’er Zoo	9	paid by zoo	1. Studies on artificial breeding and parental care of Grus monacha 2. Studies on captive breeding of Ciconia nigra
Nanjing Xuanwuhu Zoo	8		1. Feeding and breeding of Panthera tigris altaica 2. Feeding and breeding of kangaroo and Vombat
Lanzhou Zoo	8	2	1 Studies on feeding, breeding and parental care of Budorcas taxicolor 2. Studies on breeding and parental care of Rhinopithecus roxellana 3. Studies on raising reproduction rate of Chrysolophus pictus
Xining Zoo	7	0.5	1. Feeding and breeding of Budorcas taxicolor 2. Feeding and breeding of Grus nigricollis 3. Feeding and breeding of Felis bieti
Hengyang Zoo	3	no	1. Studies on artificial incubation of Chinese alligator 2. Studies on reproduction of Presbytis francoisi
Suzhou Zoo	6	no	1. Studies on breeding and parental care of Panthera tigris amoyensis 2. Studies on reproduction of Panthera tigris altaica
Guiyang Zoo	2	no	1. Studies on feeding and breeding of Presbytis francoisi
Changzhou Zoo	5	no	1. Studies on high yield breeding of Grus japonensis
Hefei Zoo	3	no	1. Studies on captive breeding of Muntiacus crinifrons 2. Studies on captive breeding of Ciconia ciconia 3. Studies on captive breeding of Ciconia ciconia
Guilin Zoo	5		1. Studies on feeding and breeding of Tragopan caboti
Wuzhou Zoo	3	no	1. Studies on raising reproduction rate of Presbytis francoisi
Yinchuan Zoo	4	no	1. Studies on artificial breeding of Crossoptilon auritum

Table 4. Education in Chinese Zoos

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Zoos	Div. & staffs for education	Target of education program	Theses and forms of Education	Resources
Shenyang Zoo	yes	primary, secondary school students	Common knowledge of wildlife conservation	zoo
Chongqing Zoo	yes	primary, secondary school and University students and visitors	explain and publicise wildlife knowledge	zoo
Tianjin Zoo	no div., part time staff only	primary, secondary school students	world wildlife conservation	zoo
Guangzhou Zoo	no	primary, secondary school and University students and visitors	legible signs and course of wildlife conservation	zoo
Nanning Zoo?	no div., yes full time staff	primary, secondary school students	wildlife ecology and the relationship between wildlife and mankind	zoo
Ha’erbin Zoo	yes	visitors	knowledge of wild animal husbandry	zoo
Xi’an Zoo	yes	primary, secondary school and University students	legible signs and animal distribution maps	no fund
Kunming Zoo	no	secondary school and University students	legible signs, display and courses	zoo
Hangzhou Zoo	no	primary, secondary school students, visitors	painted-corridor and video	zoo
Qiqiha’er Zoo	no div., full time staff available	citizens	wildlife knowledge	zoo
Nanjing Xuanwuhu Zoo	no	primary, secondary school students & public and farmers	courses of zoology and wild animal picture display window	zoo
Lanzhou Zoo	yes	animal keepers	animal ecology, management and disease control	zoo $ the State Edu. Comm.
Xining Zoo	no	secondary school students	wildlife knowledge	no funds
Suzhou Zoo	no	primary, secondary school and University students	wildlife knowledge	____
Hengyang Zoo	no	secondary school students	introduction of wild animal species	no
Changzhou Zoo	no	primary, secondary school students	conservation of rare and endangered animals	zoo
Hefei Xiaoyaojin Zoo	no	students	legible signs and activity of “love birds week”	no
Guilin Qixing	no div., part time staff available	primary, secondary school students	habits of wild animal husbandry	unfixed
Yingtan Zoo	no div., part time staff only	keepers	wild animal husbandry and disease control	no funds
Wenzhou Zoo	no	primary, secondary school students