II. Mongolian gazelle

Jiang Zhigang¹ , Anna Lushchekina² , Hu Huijian¹ , Alexai Tikhinov³ , Lei Ronghua¹ , Valery Nerenov²
1 Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
2 Institute of Morphology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences
3 Institute of Zoology, Russian Academy of Sciences

Mongolian gazelle (Procapra guttorosa) used to be a common ungulate in the Eurasia temperate grasslands, which extends from eastern China to Hungary. Mongolian gazelle is seasonal breeder, although breeding date vary from year to year, depends on the climate of previous year. Sex ratios in 1980s were seven to ten females per male in autumn, 13:1 in winter and 20: 1 in summer (Lhagvasuren, 1985, Sokonov and Lushchekina, 1997). The gazelle is polygynous, one male can mate with six to twenty-five females. Average harem size for Mongolian gazelle is 13 females to one male (Milner- Gulland and Lhagvasuren, 1998). The species has been hunted throughout recorded history for its meat and hide. The males bear horns but these are not highly valuable. Currently, the gazelle distributes in the Republic of Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation. Gazelles and antelopes are common in Africa, but there were used to be only six species in China: the goitred gazelle, Saiga, Tibetan antelope, Tibetan gazelle, Przewalski's gazelle and Mongolian gazelle. Now the populations of goitred gazelle and Tibetan gazelle are declining. Populations of the Przewalski's gazelle are isolated in the Qinghai Lake region of Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. The Saiga is extinct in China. Tibetan antelopes are poached and its distribution range is shrunk. However, the Mongolian gazelle is living in herds of millions of individuals on the Mongolian steppe. Famous American naturalist Dr. George Shallor once speculated the aggregated gazelles in the Mongolian steppe, he described it as an animal miracle in the Eurasia continent.
The west part of China used to be an immense sea-the Tites Sea. About 400,000 years ago, the seabed of Tetis Sea was elevated gradually due to the movement of the earth crust. During the process of land elevation, the place where used to be seabed turned into land. The land was slowly covered by grassland as a results of the vegetation succession, where was a paradise for herbivores such as antelopes and gazelles. Form then on until 100,000 years ago, there were large herds of antelopes and gazelles roaring in the vast grassland in the Northeast China, Northern China and the place now we called the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. As the crust continued to elevate, the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau appeared. The alpine environment became cold and harsh, those animals that adapted to the plateau environment such as the Tibetan antelope and Tibetan gazelle evolved while the Mongolian gazelles aggregated and migrated in large herds in the adjacent Mongolian steppe.
Those who ever watched the huge herds of Mongolian gazelles would grasp in admiration about the creation of nature. When hundreds of thousands of gazelles aggregate in the steppe, moving at leisure in the endless grassland, they look like floating clouds in the sky, like the brown flood waves in the grassland. Before human settled down in those regions, the Mongolian gazelles have boundless home ranges, mingled only with the pastoral herdsmen. They moved to the north in summers and migrated to the south in winters.
The hunting of Mongolian gazelle has managed by the Mongolian State authority since 1932. Milner-Gulland, et al. (1998) reported that hunting of Mongolian gazelle is strongly seasonal, occurring from November 15-20 until December 10. The harvests usually consist of about 60% females and 40 % males. State hunting rate was high in the 1940s and 1950s.
At the beginning of the century, there were about four to five million Mongolian gazelles. Bannikov (1954) estimated that there were populations as large as one million Mongolian gazelles. Lushchekina (1990) estimated that there were populations as large as 180- 200, 000 gazelles in Mongolia in mid 1970s. The Mongolian gazelles were found in all over the Inner Mongolia, with its north range reached to the Three Rivers Plain, and its southern range extended to as south as the Henan Province. As human population grew in north China, the distribution range of Mongolian gazelles was reduced as the grasslands were turned into pastures or were reclaimed as farmlands. Hundreds and thousands of gazelles were hunted in the border region during early 1960s. The population of Mongolian gazelle was recovered during 1970s due to the sealed up of the borders during later 1960s. People then observed the Mongolian gazelles moved south from Mongolia to China across the border in winters. The grassland of Mongolia is the core habitat of Mongolian gazelles, where people eyewitness the gazelles in large herds. Since the construction of the Beijing-Ulan Bator railway, fences along the railway halted up the migration of the Mongolian gazelles from the east Mongolia to the west Mongolia. The remnant gazelle populations in western Mongolia were soon extirpated.
Saiga is now extinct in China, mainly as a result of hunting for their horns. During the 1930s, 50,000 pairs of saiga horns were reportedly sold in the traditional medicine market in a single year (Zheng 1994). At the same time, some of their natural habitat was turned into agricultural land. Range and numbers of the other five species of antelopes have also declined in recent decades. In particular, the current status of Przewalski's gazelle is giving serious cause for concern, as the total estimated population is only c.200 (Jiang et al. 1994, Jiang et al. 2000). The problems that have adversely affected antelopes include hunting, cultivation of rangelands, habitat degradation and desertification, increasing competition with domestic livestock, road building and economic development, as well as growth of the human population. In western Inner Mongolia, all large mammals, including antelopes, have declined severely and now occur at very low levels (Wang and Schaller 1996).
Former distribution of Mongolian gazelle extended through seven provinces of northern and northeastern China: Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Hobei, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and Jilin. Precise limits of the historical range are unclear, but Mongolian gazelle reached the Beijing plains at the beginning of this century, but they had disappeared from south of the Great Wall by 1950 (Bannikov 1954). Over-hunting has considerably reduced their range and numbers. From the 1950s to the 1970s, Mongolian gazelle range covered an estimated 290,592km² , which was reduced to 123,840 km² by the 1980s. Current distribution covers an area of about 73,152km² , which is c. 25% of the range in the 1950s-1970s (Wang et al. 1997). Distribution is now limited to the province of Inner Mongolia and consists of a narrow band along the international border with Mongolia, from 43°30' to 48°48'N and 110°30' to 119°10'E (Wang et al. 1997). Two main population centers have been identified: the Xinbaragyouqi region (near Lake Hulun Nur) in eastern Inner Mongolia and Dongwumuqinqi county. Part of the population migrates annually across the border into Mongolia. The Chinese population was estimated at 800,000-1,000,000 gazelles in the early 1960s (Anonymous 1994), 2,000,000 in the 1950s-1970s, and at least 500,000 in the 1980s. Gao (1995b) estimated about 200,000 in winter 1992 and 300,000 in winter 1993. Wang et al. (1997) reported 250,000 Mongolian gazelles during winter 1994-95, and estimated that one-third of these remained on Chinese territory (i.e., 80-85,000 are permanently present in China). Numbers have been greatly reduced by excessive hunting for their meat. About 2,500,000 were killed in China from 1956-61, and until the late 1980s, hundreds of thousands of Mongolian gazelles were slaughtered annually for their meat (Wang et al. 1997). Average annual harvest was c. 100,000 in 1987-89 in Xinbaragyouqi county alone, and the actual number killed was doubtless much higher than the official harvest. Hunting has almost exterminated the Mongolian gazelle in western Inner Mongolia, where it was probably once the most abundant ungulate species (Wang and Schaller 1996). The hunting season also coincides with the rutting season, further increasing the adverse impact on the population.

Figure 4 Legal hunting for the number of the Mongolian gazelles killed in the Dornod province over the period 1932-1995. (Modified form Milner- Gulland and Lhagvasuren, 1998)

Six species of antelopes have been recorded in China (Jiang and Wang, 2000): goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa), Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata), Przewalski's gazelle (P. przewalkskii), Mongolian gazelle (P. gutturosa), Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) and saiga (Saiga tatarica). These are distributed widely across the vast steppes, semideserts, deserts and alpine grasslands of northern and western China. Przewalski's gazelle is endemic to China. Tibetan antelope and Tibetan gazelle are virtually endemic, as over 99% of their populations are confined to the country. Mongolian gazelle occurs only in China and Mongolia, and part of its population migrates seasonally between the two countries. Therefore, China has an important role in the conservation of Asian antelopes.
Mongolian gazelle is a Category II protected species and has had limited legal protection since 1989. In 1990, the Chinese and Mongolian governments signed an environmental protection agreement, in which protection of the natural habitat of Mongolian gazelle was of special concern. Since 1991, some field surveys have been conducted (Jiang et al. 1993; Wang et al. 1997). Some action has been taken at a local level. Our survey in the fall of 2000 only found Moangolian gazelles in herd of 5~15 near the Chinese-Mongolian border in Xinbarhuyouqi region The situation in Dongwumuqingqi is the same, small herds of Mongolian gazelles only occur near the border. Local authorities have implemented measures to eliminate illegal hunting, However, since the border is fenced, the Mongolian gazelles will soon extirpated from China
There have been two major human influences on the Mongolian gazelle population apart from hunting. The first was the construction of Ulaangbatar- Beijing railway in the 1950s. The railway cut off the migration A border fence has been erected in the 1990s, which blocked off the free migration of the Mongolian gazelles because the railway has high fences along it, which prevents the gazelle from crossing. The Mongolian gazelle populations west of the railway gradually diminished (Figure 2). Second major influence, the human population increased in both rural and urban areas (Milner- Gulland and Lhagvasuren, 1998). Distribution of Mongolian gazelle in Inner Mongolia retreated north. Now, the Mongolian gazelle only is only found in the border regions of Xinbaerhuyouqi, Xinbaerhuzuoqi and Dongwuzhumuqingqi in China. Human activity deeply affects the survival of Mongolian gazelle. Thus, the conservation of the world animal miracle is put on the agenda of conservation biologists.

Fig ure 5 Historical and current distributions of Mongolian gazelles

Mongolian gazelle once distributed all over Mongolia in 1930s. Since the construction of the Beijing-Ulaanbaatar railway, the habitat of Mongolian gazelle has been bisected the migration of Mongolian gazelle and finally caused the Mongolian gazelle to disappear form the west part of Mongolia at the end of last century. The distribution of Mongolian gazelle retreated westward and northward. The major range of the Mongolian gazelle is the steppe of Dornod Aimag of the Republic of Mongolia. However, when Mongolian gazelle is threatened by catastrophe, it will expand its range. We, together with Russian scientists, surveyed the Mongolian gazelle along the Sino-Mongolian border in 2000. We only found Mongolian gazelles in small herds of 10-20 along the border region of Xinbaerhuzhouqi and Xinbaerhuyouqi, Inner Mongolia in autumn. But hundreds of thousands of Mongolian gazelle crossed the Sino-Mongolian border into China in the winter of 2000, when deep snow covered their foraging ground in Mongolia. This indicated that wild ungulates need large living space in order to avoid catastrophe and to secure foods. The distribution map was drawn based on the information from Milner-Gulland and Lhagvasuren (1998), Reading et al., (1998）, Zhang et al. (1995) and our own field data.

Research on gazelle and antelope is an important aspect of the international conservation cooperative research. The Mongolian gazelle is a seasonal migratory ungulate with its range extends over three countries. If we want to fully understand the biology of the species, we must carry out field surveys in the Sino-Mongolian-Russian border region. After a long discussion and consultation, the Chinese scientists and Russian scientists decided to carry a joint field survey along the Sino-Russian-Mongolian border to gather all information on the habitat and population status of the gazelle. The participants of the collaborative research project including: Dr. Jiang Zhigang, Chief Scientist, from the Institute of Zoology, CAS, and Dr. Anna Lushchekina, Senior Scientist, from the Institute of Morphology and Evolution, RAS and Dr. Alexai Tikinov, Senior Scientist, of the Institute of Zoology, RAS. The natural reserves along the Sino-Russian-Mongolian border will provide necessary help to the field survey.
In October 2000, Chinese and Russian scientists carried out cooperative survey along the Chinese side of the Sino-Russian-Mongolian border. Besides Dr. Jiang Zhigang, Professor Gao Zhongxin of the Northeast Forestry University, Ph.D. candidates Hu Huijian and Lei Ronghua of the Institute of Zoology, CAS also participated the field survey. Russian scientists: Dr. Anna Lushchekina of the Institute of Morphology and Evolution, RAS and Dr. Alexai Tikinov, Senior Scientist, of the Institute of Zoology, RAS participated the survey. In the winter of 2000, a heavy snowstorm hit the eastern Mongolia; deep snow covered the pastures. The wildlife and livestock were starved to death. Hungers of thousands of Mongolian gazelles migrated to China to search for feeding grounds.
We have gathered updated information about the population and habitat status of the Mongolian gazelle in its peripheral range. We found that it was difficult to find Mongolian gazelles in the border regions of Xinbaerhuyouqi, Xinbaerhuzuoqi and Dongwuzhumuqingqi in autumn in China. In the narrow stripe of about 10-km wide along the border, occasionally, we discovered small herds of 10-20 gazelles (Fig 2). If we do not take proper measure to preserve the habitation and migration path for the Mongolian gazelle, The Mongolian gazelle would like the Saiga, it will soon disappear from its peripheral ranges in China. The results from this survey not only helped Dr. Jiang Zhigang to extend his research project funded by the NNSF, but also help the Chinese and Russian scientists to understand the biology of Mongolian gazelles. The survey will help the establishment of the international natural reserve for the Mongolian gazelle.
Despite multi-year observations performed by various scientists, many scientific features of the biology and ecology of the Mongolian gazelle are still insufficiently clear. An international action plan should be urgently developed for the conservation and sustainable use of the Mongolian gazelle. For the purpose, the ranging countries, Mongolian, China and Russia should coordinate their research and conservation on the Mongolian gazelle. The Chinese and Russian scientists decided to conduct further survey in the Russian side of the Sino-Russian-Mongolian border in the summer of 2001. They all hope that the NNSF will strengthen its support for international collaborative research; the scientists can work in the field longer enough to monitor gazelle population and gather scientific data.

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