Appendix 3: International and regional legal instruments and institutions pertaining to invasive alien species

Appendix 1 　Appendix 2 　Appendix 3　Appendix 4　Appendix 5 　Appendix 6　Appendix 7

Appendix 3:
International and regional legal instruments and institutions pertaining to invasive alien species

Instrument/Institution	Relevant Provisions/Decisions/Resolutions
1. Convention on Biological Diversity (Nairobi, 1992) http://www.biodiv.org	Article 8(h). Parties to "prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species".
2. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Montego Bay, 1982)http://www.un.org/Depts/los/losconv1.htm	Article 196. States to take all measures necessary to prevent, reduce and control the intentional or accidental introduction of species, alien or new, to a particular part of the marine environment, which may cause significant and harmful changes.
3. The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar, 1971)http://www.ramsar.org	COP7-Resolution VII.14 on Invasive Species and Wetlands
4. Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn, 1979)http://www.wcmc.org.uk/cms/	Range State Parties of Endangered Migratory Species (Annex 1) to prevent, reduce or control factors that are endangering or likely to further endanger the species, including exotic species. (Article III (4)(c)). Agreements for Annex II Migratory Species to provide for strict control of the introduction of, or control of already introduced exotic species detrimental to the migratory species (Article V (5)(e)).
5. Convention on the Law of Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (New York, 1997)http://www.un.org/	Watercourse States shall take all necessary measures to prevent the introduction of species, alien or new, into an international watercourse. (Article 22).
6. International Plant Protection Convention (Rome, 1951, as amended in 1997)http://www.fao.org/legal/treaties	Creates an international regime to prevent spread and introduction of plants and plant products through the use of sanitary and phytosanitary measures by Contracting Parties. Parties establish national plant protection organizations and agree to cooperate on information exchange and on the development of International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures. Regional agreements for Europe and the Mediterranean, the Asia-Pacific, Near East, Pacific, Caribbean, North American, South American, South America and Africa.
7. Plant Protection Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Region (Rome, 1956)http://www.fao.org/legal/treaties	Contracting Governments to prevent the introduction into and spread within the South East Asia and Pacific Region of plant diseases and pests. A supplementary agreement under Article III of the IPPC.
8. Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures（Marakech，1995) http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/spsagr.htm	A supplementary agreement to the WTO Agreement. Applicable to all sanitary and phytosanitary measures directly or indirectly affecting international trade.
9. International Health Regulations (Geneva, 1982) (adopted by the 22nd World Health Assembly in 1969 and amended by the 26th World Health Assembly in 1973, and the 34th World Health Assembly in 1981) http://www.who.int/emc/IHR/int_regs.html	To ensure maximum security against the international spread of diseases with a minimum interference with world traffic. Regulations strengthen the use of epidemiological principles as applied internationally, to detect, reduce or eliminate the sources from which infection spreads, to improve sanitation in and around ports and airports, to prevent the dissemination of vectors and to encourage epidemiological activities on the national level.
10. IUCN-Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss Caused by Invasive alien species (2000) http://www.chinabiodiversity.com/shwdyx/ruq/ruq-index-cn.htm	Guidelines designed to increase awareness and understanding of the impact of alien species. Provides guidance for the prevention of introduction, re-introduction, and control and eradication of invasive alien species.
11. Guidelines for the Control and Management of ships' Ballast Water to Minimize the Transfer of Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens. (Resolution A.868 (29)1997, International Maritime Organisation)http://www.imo.org	Provides guidance and strategies to minimize the risk of unwanted organisms and pathogens from ballast water and sediment discharge. Revokes the "Guidelines for preventing the Introduction of Unwanted Organisms and Pathogens from Ships' Ballast Water and Sediment Discharges" (IMO Resolution A. 774 (18) 1991).
12. Agenda 21-United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio, 1992)	Calls for increasing protection of forests from disease and uncontrolled introduction of exotic plant and animal species 11.14); acknowledgement that inappropriate introduction of foreign plants and animals has contributed to biodiversity loss (15.3); appropriate rules on ballast water discharge to prevent spread of non-indigenous organisms. 17.30(vi); controlling noxious aquatic species that may destroy other aquatic species (chap. 18-40(e)(iv)).
13. Code of Practice on the Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms (ICES/EIFAC 1994)	Recommends practices and procedures to diminish risks of detrimental effects from marine organism introduction and transfer, including those genetically modified. Requires ICES members to submit a prospectus to regulators, including a detailed analysis of potential environmental impacts to the aquatic ecosystem.
14. Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (FAO, 1995)http://www.fao.org/fi/agreem/codecond/ficonde.asp	Encourages legal and administrative frameworks to facilitate responsible aquaculture. Including pre-introduction discussion with neighbouring states when non-indigenous stocks are to be introduced into transboundary aquatic ecosystems. Harmful effects of non-indigenous and genetically altered stocks to be minimized especially where significant potential exists for spread into other states or country of origin. Adverse genetic and disease effects to wild stock from genetic improvement and non-indigenous species to be minimized.
15. Code of Conduct for the import and release of exotic biological control agents（FAO，1995）http://www.fao.org	Aims to facilitate the safe import, export and release of such agents by introducing procedures of an internationally acceptable level for all public and private entities involved, particularly where national legislation to regulate their use does not exist or is inadequate. Outlines specific responsibilities for authorities of an exporting country, who should ensure that relevant regulations of the importing country are followed in exports of biological control agents.
16. Preventing the Introduction of Invasive Alien Species. Resolution A-32-9, International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) (1998). http://www.icao.int/icao/end/res/a32_9.htm	Urges all Contracting States to use their civil aviation authorities to assist in reducing the risk of introducing, through civil air transportation, potentially invasive species to areas outside their natural range. Requests the ICAO Council to work with other United Nations organizations to identify approaches that the ICAO might take in assisting to reduce the risk of introducing potential invasive species.
17. Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (UNEP, 1995) http://www.unep.org/unep/gpa/pol2a.htm	Introduction of Alien Species acknowledged to have serious effects upon ecosystem integrity.